Frutanos tipo inulina associados à dieta de cafeteria: efeito no perfil cardiometabólico de ratos Wistar / Inulin-type fructan associated with cafeteria diet: effect on the cardiometabolic profile of Wistar rats

A dieta de cafeteria foi desenvolvida a fim de mimetizar a dieta ocidentalizada, uma vez que esta associa-se a desordens no perfil cardiovascular, como dislipidemias, hiperglicemia, acúmulo de gordura corporal, entre outros. Os frutanos tipo inulina (FTI) são fibras solúveis categorizados como prebióticos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da dieta de cafeteria associadas aos FTI sobre o perfil cardiometabólico em ratos Wistar. Para tanto, utilizou-se 30 animais. Os FTI purificados, bem como, provenientes da matriz alimentar (yacon em pó), foram adicionados a seus respectivos grupos experimentais na dose de 6%, durante 30 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram: composição centesimal e conteúdo de FTI, ganho de peso (GP), peso relativo do ceco (PRC), peso relativo do fígado (PRF), consumo alimentar, glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, tecido adiposo subcutâneo e visceral (epididimal, retroperitoneal e mesentérica). Todas as análises seguiram os protocolos padronizados. A análise estatística foi realizada no software Sigma Stat 4.0 e teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk, testes descritivos, ANOVA ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguidos dos testes de comparação de médias de Duncan ou Dunn's. O nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. A variável PRC foi estatisticamente maior nos grupos submetidos aos FTI. O grupo que recebeu dieta de cafeteria apresentou valores superiores no GP, VLDL, triglicerídeos, tecido adiposo subcutâneo e epididimal. Não houve diferença estatística nos parâmetros PRF, colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e glicemia. Portanto, através deste trabalho, verificou-se efeitos sistêmicos benéficos dos FTI em parâmetros como: PRC, GP, VLDL, triglicerídeos, tecido adiposo(AU)

The cafeteria diet was developed in order to mimic the western diet, since it is associated with disorders in the cardiovascular profile, such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, accumulation of body fat, among others. Inulin-type fructan (ITF) are soluble fibers categorized as prebiotics. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ITF associated with cafeteria diet on the cardiometabolic profile in Wistar rats. For this, 30 animals were used. The purified ITFs, as well as from the food matrix (yacon powder), were added to their respective experimental groups at a dose of 6% for 30 days. The analyzed variables were: centesimal composition and ITF content, weight gain (WG), relative weight of cecum (RWC), relative liver weight (RLW), dietary intake, glycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL -c, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (epididimal, retroperitoneal and mesenteric). All analyzes followed the standardized protocols. Statistical analysis was performed using the Sigma Stat 4.0 software and a Shapiro-Wilk normality test, descriptive tests, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Duncan or Dunn's averages comparison tests were performed. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. The RWC variable was statistically higher in the groups submitted to FTI. The group that received a cafeteria diet presented higher values in WG, VLDL, triglycerides, subcutaneous and epididimal adipose tissue. There was no statistical difference in the parameters RLW, total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c and glycemia. Therefore, through this work, beneficial systemic effects of ITF were observed in parameters such as: RWC, WG, VLDL, triglycerides and adipose tissue(AU)

Proteína C-reativa, atividade física e aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes portugueses: um estudo transversal / Proteína C-reactiva, actividad física y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes portugueses: un estudio transversal / C-reactive protein, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in Portuguese adolescents: a cross-sectional study

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação da atividade física (AF) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória com os níveis de concentração proteína C-reativa (PCR) em adolescentes. Fizeram parte da amostra 386 adolescentes Portugueses (n = 207, feminino), de 12-18 anos avaliados no ano de 2012. AF foi avaliada com acelerômetros e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória pelo teste de Vai- e-vem da bateria de testes fitnessgram. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas após jejum de 10 horas e posteriormente avaliaram-se os níveis de concentração de PCR por alta sensibilidade. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre a PCR e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória no gênero feminino (r = -0,313; p < 0.001) e masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), porém quando ajustadas pelo IMC essas associações permaneceram significativas apenas no gênero feminino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para associações entre PCR e AF não se encontraram associações estatisticamente significativas em ambos os gêneros. Assim a PCR aparentemente se associa de forma negativa com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, mas de forma diferenciada em função do gênero, sendo que no feminino parece menos dependente do IMC.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la actividad física (AF) y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria con niveles de concentración de proteína C-reactiva (PCR) en adolescentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 386 adolescentes portugueses (n = 207, femenino), de 12-18 años, evaluados en el año 2012. La AF se evaluó mediante acelerómetros y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se evaluó por el test de Leger de 20 metros. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron después de 10 horas de ayuno, y luego se evaluaron los niveles de concentración de PCR de alta sensibilidad. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la PCR y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en el género femenino (r = -0,313; p < 0,001) y masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), pero cuando se ajustan por el IMC estas asociaciones se mantuvieron sólo significativas en el género femenino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para las asociaciones entre la PCR y la AF no mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa en ambos géneros. Así, aparentemente la PCR se asoció negativamente con la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, pero de manera diferente según el género, siendo que en el femenino parece ser menos dependiente del IMC.

The goal of this study was to investigate the association of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in adolescents. The sample included 386 Portuguese adolescents (n = 207, female), age 12-18 years, assessed in the year 2012. The PA was assessed with the use of accelerometers, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Fitnessgram Pacer test. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour fasting, and high-sensitivity PCR concentration was further assessed. Significant associations between CRP and cardiorespiratory fitness were found for females (r = -0.313; p < 0.001) and males (r = -0.163; p < 0.05); however, when adjusted by the BMI, the associations remained significant only for females (r = -0.215; p < 0.001). Regarding the association between CRP and PA, no significant associations were found for both genders. Therefore, CRP is apparently negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, with differences between males and females; for females it seems less dependent than BMI.

Disfunción tiroidea y corazón / Thyroid dysfunction and heart

Los trastornos de la función tiroidea afectan profundamente al sistema cardiovascular. En esta revisión se presentan algunos aspectos fisiológicos de la interrelación entre tiroides y corazón, como también las consecuencias de la tirotoxicosis e hipotiroidismo sobre el aparato cardiovascular. Se analiza la influencia del hipertiroidismo en la gèc)nesis de la fibrilación auricular y del hipotiroidismo en el metabolismo de las lipoproteínas. Adicionalmente, el artículo se referirá a los potenciales efectos adversos del antiarrítmico amiodarona sobre la función tiroidea y cómo se investigan y tratan. Finalmente, se expone un caso clínico real para ilustrar con mayor claridad la enorme importancia que pueden alcanzar las relaciones fisiopatológicas entre el corazón y las afecciones de esta glándula endocrina.

Disorders of thyroid function profoundly affect the cardiovascular system. Inthisreviewsomephysiologicalaspectsoftherelationship between thyroid and the heart as well as the consequences of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism on the cardiovascular system are presented. The influence of hyperthyroidism is analyzed in the genesis of atrial fibrillation and of hypothyroidism on lipoprotein metabolism. Furthermore, we refer to the potential adverse effects of the antiarrhythmic amiodarone on thyroid function and how they are investigated and treated. Finally, a real clinical case is exposed to more clearly illustrate the enormous importance that can reach the pathophysiological relationships between the heart and the diseases of the thyroid gland.

Gender differences in microcirculation: Observation using the hamster cheek pouch

OBJECTIVES: Estrogen has been shown to play an important protective role in non-reproductive systems, such as the cardiovascular system. Our aim was to observe gender differences in vivo with regard to the increase in macromolecular permeability and leukocyte-endothelium interaction induced by ischemia/reperfusion as well as in microvascular reactivity to vasoactive substances using the hamster cheek pouch preparation. METHODS: Thirty-six male and 36 female hamsters, 21 weeks old, were selected for this study, and their cheek pouches were prepared for intravital microscopy. An increase in the macromolecular permeability of post-capillary venules was quantified as a leakage of intravenously injected fluorescein-labeled dextran, and the leukocyte-endothelium interaction was measured as the number of fluorescent rolling leukocytes or leukocytes adherent to the venular wall, labeled with rhodamin G, during reperfusion after 30 min of local ischemia. For microvascular reactivity, the mean internal diameter of arterioles was evaluated after the topical application of different concentrations of two vasoconstrictors, phenylephrine (α1-agonist) and endothelin-1, and two vasodilators, acetylcholine (endothelial-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (endothelial-independent). RESULTS: The increase in macromolecular permeability induced by ischemia/reperfusion was significantly lower in females compared with males [19 (17-22) leaks/cm2 vs. 124 (123-128) leaks/cm2, respectively, p<0.001), but the number of rolling or adherent leukocytes was not different between the groups. Phenylephrine-induced arteriolar constriction was significantly lower in females compared with males [77 (73-102)% vs. 64 (55-69)%, p<0.04], but there were no detectable differences in endothelin-1-dependent vasoreactivity. Additionally, arteriolar vasodilatation elicited by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: The ...

Síndrome metabólico: Alcance de metas terapéuticas consulta de medicina familiar en una IPS de Bogotá / Metabolic syndrome: Scope of therapeutic goals. family medicine outpatient clinic at a healthcare institution (IPS) in Bogotá

Trabajos previos relacionados sobre el control de cada componente del síndrome metabólico (SM), han reportado importantes resultados en la reducción del riesgo cardiometabólico global aunque suele ser insuficiente en la práctica clínica. Objetivo: describir el alcance de metas terapéuticas en pacientes con SM que acuden a la consulta de medicina familiar en una IPS de Bogotá DC. Métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los registros electrónicos de historias clínicas; se identificaron los pacientes con SM mayores de 20 años, de mayo 01 a octubre 31 de 2008, con seguimiento de 18 meses. Resultados: cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad 79 con predominio del sexo femenino (64.5%) y en ciclo vital adultos maduros (69.6%). La media de edad fue 54.5 años (DE 9.3). El 84.8% tenía riesgo intermedio (n 67) y 15.2% alto (n 12). Al primer control hubo cumplimiento de metas de tensión arterial y glicemia en 64.5% y 58.2%, así como de colesterol LDL, c no HDL y c HDL en 54.4%, 32.9% y 11.3%. Solo 30% (n 24) tuvieron segundo control con cumplimiento de tensión arterial y glicemia en 66.6% y 41,6%, mientras en c LDL, c No HDL y c HDL fue 45,8%, 45,8% y 4,1%. No se alcanzaron metas de medición de circunferencia abdominal. Conclusión: el cumplimiento de metas fue elevado en comparación con otros reportes, pero los datos no son representativos por corresponder al 30.7% de los registros iníciales. Se requieren más estudios para conocer el verdadero alcance de metas que permitan implementar políticas de intervención efectivas...

Previous works on controlling the major components of the metabolic syndrome (MS), have reported significant results on reducing overall cardiometabolic risk although it usually proves insufficient in clinical practice. Objective: to describe the scope of therapeutic goals in patients with MS seen at the family medicine outpatient clinic at an IPS in Bogotá DC. Methods: a descriptive retrospective study was performed; MS patients older than 20 were identified in electronic medical records from May 1 to October 31 2008; an 18-month follow-up was conducted. Results: 79 patients were eligible, predominantly females (64.5%); 69.6% belonged to the mature adult group;. mean age was 54.5 years (SD 9.3); 84.8% (n 67) were in the medium risk group and 15.2% (n 12) in the high risk group. At first follow-up, 64.5% and 58.2% met the targeted blood pressure and serum glucose goals as well as the cholesterol goals, LDL, non-HDL-C and HDL-C in 54.4%, 32.9% and 11.3%. Only 30% (n 24) attended a second follow-up visit and met blood pressure and serum glucose goals in 66.6% and 41.6%, and LDL-C, non-HDL-C and HDL-C goals in 45.8%, 45.8% and 4.1%. Waist circumference measurement goals were not met. Conclusions: goal achievement was high compared to other available reports, although this data is not representative for it corresponds to only 30.7% of the initial records. Further studies are required to determine the real goal scope enabling effective intervention policies to be implemented...

Alternative pathways for angiotensin II generation in the cardiovascular system

The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) consists of enzymes and peptides that regulate blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is one of the most important and extensively studied components of the RAS. The beneficial effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, among other diseases, are well known. However, it has been reported that patients chronically treated with effective doses of these inhibitors do not show suppression of Ang II formation, suggesting the involvement of pathways alternative to ACE in the generation of Ang II. Moreover, the finding that the concentration of Ang II is preserved in the kidney, heart and lungs of mice with an ACE deletion indicates the important role of alternative pathways under basal conditions to maintain the levels of Ang II. Our group has characterized the serine protease elastase-2 as an alternative pathway for Ang II generation from Ang I in rats. A role for elastase-2 in the cardiovascular system was suggested by studies performed in heart and conductance and resistance vessels of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. This mini-review will highlight the pharmacological aspects of the RAS, emphasizing the role of elastase-2, an alternative pathway for Ang II generation.

Simvastatin-induced cardiac autonomic control improvement in fructose-fed female rats

OBJECTIVE: Because autonomic dysfunction has been found to lead to cardiometabolic disorders and because studies have reported that simvastatin treatment has neuroprotective effects, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin treatment on cardiovascular and autonomic changes in fructose-fed female rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: controls (n=8), fructose (n=8), and fructose+ simvastatin (n=8). Fructose overload was induced by supplementing the drinking water with fructose (100 mg/L, 18 wks). Simvastatin treatment (5 mg/kg/day for 2 wks) was performed by gavage. The arterial pressure was recorded using a data acquisition system. Autonomic control was evaluated by pharmacological blockade. RESULTS: Fructose overload induced an increase in the fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels and insulin resistance. The constant rate of glucose disappearance during the insulin intolerance test was reduced in the fructose group (3.4+ 0.32 percent/min) relative to that in the control group (4.4+ 0.29 percent/min). Fructose+simvastatin rats exhibited increased insulin sensitivity (5.4+0.66 percent/min). The fructose and fructose+simvastatin groups demonstrated an increase in the mean arterial pressure compared with controls rats (fructose: 124+2 mmHg and fructose+simvastatin: 126 + 3 mmHg vs. controls: 112 + 2 mmHg). The sympathetic effect was enhanced in the fructose group (73 + 7 bpm) compared with that in the control (48 + 7 bpm) and fructose+simvastatin groups (31+8 bpm). The vagal effect was increased in fructose+simvastatin animals (84 + 7 bpm) compared with that in control (49 + 9 bpm) and fructose animals (46+5 bpm). CONCLUSION: Simvastatin treatment improved insulin sensitivity and cardiac autonomic control in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome in female rats. These effects were independent of the improvements in the classical plasma lipid profile and of reductions in arterial pressure. These results support the hypothesis that statins reduce the cardiometabolic risk in females with metabolic syndrome.

Associação entre nutrientes da dieta e fatores de risco cardiovascular / Association of nutrients and cardiovascular risk factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the infl uence of nutrients such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and antioxidant vitamin (α-tocopherol) on the cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies). Data on food intake by 63 individuals at INCOR/SP/Brazil were collected by using 24-hour recalls and diet nutritional analysis (NutWin, version 5.1). After 12h fasting, blood samples were collected and the plasma was analyzed for: lipid profi le (colorimetric methods), autoantibodies against LDLox (ELISA) and α-tocopherol (HPLC). Habitual diet was evaluated by three 24-hour recalls (R24) and the nutritional composition was analyzed by NutWin, version 5.1. The population was divided in quartiles according to the consumption of nutrients and the results indicated that MUFA, PUFA and serum α-tocopherol showed association with the BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies. These associations were signifi cant and negative with consumption. According to our results we can state that these nutrients are capable to modify the cardiovascular risk.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de los ácidos grasos mononsaturados (AGM), polinsaturados (AGP) y antioxidantes(α-tocoferol) sobre los marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C y autoanticuerpos anti-LDLox). La dieta habitual de sesenta y tres individuos del INCOR/SP/Brasil fue evaluada por medio de 3 recordatorios de 24h (R24h) y los nutrientes fueron analizados utilizando el programa NutWin, versión 5.1 Después de un ayuno de12h fueron recogidas muestras de sangre. Fueron determinados en el plasma: el perfi l lipidico (método colorimétrico), los autoanticuerposanti-LDLox (ELISA) y el α-tocoferol (HPLC). El análisis en cuartiles mostró que los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c y la producción de anticuer pos anti- LDLox) es tabanrelacionados negativamente con los nutrientes (AGM y AGP) evaluados por medio del R24h y con el α-tocoferol, identifi cado como marcadorbioquímico de consumo. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados podemos concluir que estos nutrientes son capaces de modifi car el riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência de nutrientes da dieta, tais como, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), ácidos graxospolinsaturados (PUFA) e vitamina antioxidante (α-tocoferol) sobre o risco cardiovascular. Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumoalimentar de 63 indivíduos do INCOR/SP/ Brasil, por meio de três recordatórios de 24 horas e realizada a análise da composição nutricional das dietas (NutWin, versão 5.1). Após jejum de 12h, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e a partir do plasma foramanali sados: o perfil lipídico (métodos colorimétricos), os autoanticorpos anti-LDLox (ELISA) e o α-tocoferol (HPLC). A análise em quartis demonstrou que os fatores de risco cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c e a geração de autoanticorpos anti-LDLox) apresentam associação negativa com os nutrientes (MUFA e PUFA) avaliados por meio do R24h e com o α-tocoferol , identifi cado como marcador bioquímico de consumo. De acordo com os nossos resultadospodemos concluir que esses nutrientes são capazes de modificar o risco para doença cardiovascular.

Variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, índice biespectral e recuperação anestésica em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, tratados ou não com tramadol / Cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane, treated or not with tramadol

Foram avaliadas possíveis alterações cardiorrespiratórias e no índice biespectral em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, associado ou não ao tramadol. Utilizaram-se 16 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos denominados GC (grupo-controle) e GT (grupo tramadol). Todos os cães foram induzidos e mantidos sob anestesia com isofluorano. Os animais do GC receberam 0,05ml/kg de solução salina a 0,9 por cento e os do GT 2mg/kg de tramadol, ambos por via intramuscular. Foram avaliados: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, eletrocardiografia, freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxiemoglobina, concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração, índice biespectral e recuperação da anestesia. Concluiu-se que a administração de tramadol em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano não produz alterações nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, no índice biespectral e no tempo de recuperação da anestesia, porém proporciona boa qualidade de recuperação anestésica.

It was studied fortuitous cardiorespiratory and bispectral index changes in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane associated or not to tramadol. Sixteen dogswere distributed in two groups named CG (control group) and TG (tramadol group). General anesthesia was induced in all animals with isoflurane via mask. After 10 minutes, the animals of CG received 0.05ml/kg of saline solution at 0.9 percent, and TG received 2mg/kg of tramadol, both via intramuscular. It was evaluated heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures; electrocardiography; respiratory rate; oxihemoglobin saturation; end tidal carbon dioxide; bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia. The administration of tramadol in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane did not produce changes in cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and anesthetic recovery time. In addition, this association promoted good quality of anesthetic recovery.

Efeitos fisiológicos do treinamento físico em pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 1 / Physiological effects of exercise training in patients with type 1 diabetes / Physiological effects of exercise training in patients with type 1 diabetes

Insulinoterapia, atividade física regular e planejamento alimentar, em conjunto, consistem na abordagem mais completa no tratamento de portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Estudos clínicos e experimentais têm evidenciado os benefícios do treinamento físico em indivíduos com DM1, tais como melhora na sensibilidade à insulina, redução das doses de insulina e atenuação das disfunções autonômicas e cardiovasculares. Essa revisão aborda as adaptações fisiológicas ao treinamento físico no indivíduo com DM1 e discute as recomendações e prescrição de atividade física para esta população.

Insulin therapy, regular physical activity and an individualized dietary plan are considered to be the ideal approach for the treatment plan of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients. Clinical and experimental studies have shown the benefits of exercise training in T1DM, as demonstrated by insulin sensitivity improvement, reduction in insulin requirement and an attenuation of autonomic and cardiovascular dysfunction. This review explores the physiological adaptations to exercise training in T1DM, and discuss the guidelines for physical activity recommendations and prescription in this setting.

Health effects caused by noise: evidence in the literature from the past 25 years.

Traffic noise is the most important source of environmental annoyance. According to the Environmental Expert Council of Germany, severe annoyance persistent over prolonged periods of time is to be regarded as causing distress. Previously, extraaural noise effects were mostly assessed using a paradigm in which the sound level played the major role. On the basis of this paradigm the relatively low sound level of environmental noise was not considered to be a potential danger to health. In contrast to this numerous empirical results have shown long-term noise-induced health risks. Therefore a radical change of attitude - a change of paradigm - is necessary. For an immediate triggering of protective reactions (fight/flight or defeat reactions) the information conveyed by noise is very often more relevant than the sound level. It was shown recently that the first and fastest signal detection is mediated by a subcortical area - the amygdala. For this reason even during sleep the noise from aeroplanes or heavy goods vehicles may be categorised as danger signals and induce the release of stress hormones. In accordance with the noise stress hypothesis chronic stress hormone dysregulations as well as increases of established endogenous risk factors of ischaemic heart diseases have been observed under long-term environmental noise exposure. Therefore, an increased risk of myocardial infarction is to be expected. The results of individual studies on this subject in most cases do not reach statistical significance. However, according to the Environmental Expert Council, these studies show a consistent trend towards an increased cardiovascular risk if the daytime immission level exceeds 65 dB(A). Most of the previous studies on the extraaural effects of occupational noise have been invalidated by exposure misclassifications. In future studies on health effects of noise a correct exposure assessment is one of the most important preconditions.

Aspectos metabolicos e cardiorrespiratorios na ginastica aerobica / Metabolic aspects and cardiorrespiratory in the aerobic dance

O presente estudo objetivou,por meio de revisao de literatura os aspectos metabolicos na ginastica aerobica.A ginastica aerobica vem sendo utilizada como um dos meios para desenvolver a resistencia cardiorrespiratoria em sedentarios.No entanto,a modalidade em questao,apresenta caracteristica diferenciadas das atividades ciclicas como a corrida,a natacao,o ciclismo,entre outros;onde o comportamento da frequencia cardiaca e mais facilmente controlado.Na ginastica aerobica a frequencia cardiaca apresenta variacaoes causando dificuldade no controle e na montagem da aula.A intensidade interfere diretamente no aspecto metabolico e nas adaptacoes fisiologicas relacionadas ao exercicio aerobico,pois segundo a Americam College Sport Medicime(1995),atividades utilizando valores superiores a 85-90 por cento da frequencia cardiaca maxima,o sistema anaerobico pode ser predominante

Neuropeptide control of the cardiovascular system in fish and reptiles

Accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. Our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) and tachykinins are present in most vertebrate groups. VIP is vasodilatory in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as in most mammalian species, but increases gut vascular resistance in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). NPY potentiates the effect of noradrenaline on skate (Raja rhina) coronary vessels, suggesting an interaction between adrenergic mechanisms and NPY early in evolution, but studies in the spiny dogfish and the crocodile also demonstrate different mechanisms for the action of NPY and adrenaline in some species. Bombesin/GRP increases flow to the gut in the spiny dogfish by an increase in somatic vascular resistance, while visceral resistance remains unchanged. In the caiman (Caiman crocodylus crocodylus) bombesin causes a shunting of blood from the lung to the gut. Substance P and other tachykinins in general increase flow to the gut, and on some occasions also increase somatic blood flow. Flow in the anastomosis of the crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gut is increased by substance P. The results presented here are a review of several published and unpublished studies.

Rines valcardi, una prueba para la neuropatía autonómica en diabéticos: una revisión / A review of the rines valcardi test by the diabetic autonomic neurophaty

La prueba Rines Valcardi se revisa en este artículo. El estímulo Valsalva se debería eliminar. Sería útil un análisis estadístico de sensibilidad y especificidad con cada uno de los estímulos que componen la prueba. La prueba es útil para pacientes que son llevados a anestesia

Pattern of lipid profiles in cardiovascular tissues of hysterectomized albino rats.

Heart, dorsal aorta and plasma significantly accumulated the lipid components such as triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glycerol in two months period of hysterectomy which may lead to the development of cardiovascular disorders. Administration of PGF2 alpha decreased the lipid fractions of cardiovascular tissues probably due to luteolysis and ovarian activation.